Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: добре обоснован страх от преследване
- CZ: podložená obava z pronásledování
- DE: begründete Furcht vor Verfolgung
- EE: põhjendatud tagakiusamise kartus
- EN: well-founded fear of persecution
- ES: temor justificado de persecución
- FI: perusteltu vainon pelko
- FR: crainte fondée de persécution
- GA: faitíos roimh ghéarleanúint a bhfuil bunús / údar maith leis
- HU: üldöztetéstől való megalapozott félelem
- IT: giustificato timore di persecuzione
- LT: visiškai pagrįsta baimė būti persekiojamam
- LV: pamatotas bailes no vajāšanas
- MT: Biża’ ġustifikata ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: gegronde vrees voor vervolging
- NO: velbegrunnet frykt for forfølgelse (b) / velgrunna frykt for forfølging (n)
- PL: uzasadniona obawa przed prześladowaniem
- RO: teamă de persecuţie bine fondată
- SE: välgrundad fruktan för förföljelse
- SK: opodstatnená obava z prenasledovania
- SL: utemeljen strah pred preganjanjem
The fear of persecution experienced by an applicant for international protection that is considered both genuine and objectively justifiable (e.g. because the person concerned has already been subject to persecution or serious harm, or to direct threats of such persecution or such harm, and there is no good reason to consider that such persecution or serious harm will not be repeated).
2. The subjective element is satisfied if the applicant‘s fear of persecution is genuine. In the context of refugee status determination, fear has been defined as an apprehension or awareness of danger. General dissent or disagreement with a government or the desire for more personal freedom or an improved economic situation without anything more does not satify this element (see UNHCR guidelines on international protection on the UNHCR website).
3. The objective element is satisfied when the applicant has established that there is a reasonable possibility that they will actually suffer the feared persecution.
- BG: кандидат за международна закрила
- CZ: žadatel o mezinárodní ochranu
- DE: Antragsteller auf internationalen Schutz
- EE: rahvusvahelise kaitse taotleja
- EN: applicant for international protection
- ES: solicitante de protección internacional
- FI: kansainvälistä suojelua hakeva
- FR: demandeur de protection internationale
- GA: iarratasóir ar chosaint idirnáisiúnta
- GR: αιτών διεθνή προστασία
- HU: menedékkérő
- IT: richiedente protezione internazionale
- LT: tarptautinės apsaugos (prieglobsčio) prašytojas
- LV: pieteikuma iesniedzējs, kas lūdz starptautisko aizsardzību
- MT: għall-protezzjoni internazzjonali
- NL: persoon die om internationale bescherming verzoekt
- NO: person som søker om internasjonal beskyttelse (b) / person som søkjer om internasjonalt vern (n)
- PL: wnioskodawca o udzielenie ochrony międzynarodowej
- PT: requerente de protecção internacional
- RO: solicitant al protectiei internationale
- SE: sökande av internationellt skydd
- SK: žiadateľ o medzinárodnú ochranu (EU acquis)
- SL: prosilec za mednarodno zaščito
A third-country national or a stateless person who has made an application for international protection in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken.
- BG: задържане
- CZ: zajištění
- DE: Abschiebungshaft
- EE: kinnipidamine
- EN: detention
- ES: internamiento
- FI: säilöönotto
- FR: rétention
- GA: coinneáil
- GR: κράτηση (διοικητική)
- HU: őrizet
- IT: trattenimento
- LT: sulaikymas
- LV: aizturēšana
- MT: Detenzjoni
- NL: detentie; vreemdelingenbewaring (in context of return)
- NO: forvaring
- PL: detencja / zatrzymanie
- PT: detenção
- RO: custodie publică
- SE: förvar
- SK: zaistenie
- SL: omejitev gibanja / pripor
In the EU asylum context, confinement (i.e. deprivation of liberty) of an applicant for international protection by an EU Member State within a particular place, where the applicant is deprived of their personal liberty.
2. Applicants for international protection may be detained at any stage of or throughout the asylum process, from the time an initial application is made up to the point of removal of an unsuccessful applicant for international protection. According to Art. 26 of Directive 2013/32/EU (Recast Asylum Procedures Directive) it is not acceptable to detain a person solely for the reason that they have lodged an application for international protection. To ensure the non-arbitrariness of detention and the respect of fundamental rights of applicants for international protection, Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) introduced an exhaustive list of detention grounds (Art. 8) and put in place a number of procedural guarantees.The Directive also regulates the conditions in detention facilities (Art. 10).
3. In an EU return context, EU Member States may only detain or keep in a detention facility a third-country national who is the subject of return procedures in order to prepare the return and / or carry out the removal process, in particular when: (a) there is a risk of absconding; or (b) the third-country national concerned avoids or hampers the preparation of return or the removal process. Any detention shall be for as short a period as possible and only maintained as long as removal arrangements are in progress and executed with due diligence. See Art. 15 (1) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive).
4. For further information, see EMN: The use of detention and alternatives to detention in the context of immigration policies, 2014.
- BG: търсещ убежище
- CZ: žadatel o azyl
- DE: Asylbewerber (EU acquis) / Asylwerber (AT)
- EE: varjupaigataotleja
- EN: asylum seeker
- ES: solicitante de asilo
- FI: turvapaikanhakija
- FR: demandeur d’asile
- GA: iarratasóir ar thearmann
- GR: αιτών άσυλο
- HU: menedékkérő
- IT: richiedente asilo
- LT: prieglobsčio prašytojas
- LV: patvēruma meklētājs
- MT: Applikant(a) għall-ażil
- NL: asielzoeker
- NO: asylsøker (b) / asylsøkjar (n)
- PL: osoba ubiegająca się o nadanie statusu uchodźcy (azyl)
- PT: requerente de asilo
- RO: solicitant de azil
- SE: asylsökande
- SK: žiadateľ o udelenie azylu / žiadateľ o azyl
- SL: prosilec za azil
In the EU context, a third-country national or stateless person who has made an application for protection under the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken.
2. Outside EU legislation, the terms ‘asylum seeker’ or ‘asylum applicant’ are often used more frequently than ‘applicant for international protection’ in the everyday use of the term.
- BG: първа страна на убежище
- CZ: první země azylu
- DE: erster Asylstaat / erstes Asylland
- EE: esmane varjupaigariik
- EN: first country of asylum
- ES: primer país de asilo
- FI: ensimmäinen turvapaikkamaa
- FR: pays de premier asile
- GA: an chéad tír thearmainn
- GR: πρώτης χώρας ασύλου
- HU: elsődleges befogadó állam
- IT: paese di primo asilo
- LT: pirmoji prieglobsčio šalis
- LV: pirmā patvēruma valsts
- MT: L-Ewwel art / pajjiż tal-ażil
- NL: eerste land van asiel
- NO: første asylland
- PL: kraj pierwszego azylu
- PT: primeiro país de asilo
- RO: prima ţară de azil
- SE: första asylland
- SK: prvá krajina azylu
- SL: prva država azila
(a) been recognised as a refugee and they can still avail themselves of that protection; or
(b) otherwise enjoys sufficient protection, including benefiting from the principle of non-refoulement, provided that they will be readmitted to that country.
2. In accordance with relevant legislation, an applicant shall be allowed to challenge the application of the first country of asylum concept in relation to their particular circumstances.
- BG: оценка на достоверността
- CZ: posouzení věrohodnosti; ověření věrohodnosti
- DE: Glaubwürdigkeitsprüfung / Prüfung der Glaubwürdigkeit
- EE: usaldusväärsuse (usutavuse) hindamine
- EN: credibility assessment
- ES: evaluación de la credibilidad
- FI: uskottavuusarviointi
- FR: évaluation de la crédibilité
- GA: measúnú creidiúnachta
- GR: αξιολόγηση της αξιοπιστίας
- HU: szavahihetőség értékelése
- IT: valutazione di credibilità
- LT: patikimumo vertinimas
- LV: ticamības novērtējums
- MT: Evalwazzjoni tal-kredibilità
- NL: beoordeling van de geloofwaardigheid
- NO: vurdering av troverdighet (b) / vurdering av truverd (n)
- PL: ocena wiarygodności
- RO: evaluarea credibilitatii
- SE: trovärdighetsbedömning
- SK: preukazovanie dôveryhodnosti
- SL: ocena zanesljivosti
The process of gathering relevant information from the applicant for international protection, examining it in the light of all the information available to the case worker in procedures for international protection, for the purpose of the determination of qualification for refugee status and / or subsidiary protection status.
2. Credibility is established where the applicant has presented a claim which is coherent and plausible, not contradicting generally known facts, and therefore is, on balance, capable of being believed.
- BG: заповед за прехвърляне
- CZ: rozhodnutí o transferu, rozhodnutí o přemístění
- DE: Überstellungsanordnung
- EE: üleandmise otsus (dažniausiai vartojamo išversto termino nėra)
- EN: transfer order
- ES: orden de traslado
- FI: siirtomääräys
- FR: obligation de transfert
- GA: ordú um aistriú
- GR: εντολή μεταφοράς
- HU: átadásról rendelkező végzés
- IT: ordine di trasferimento
- LT: nurodymas perduoti
- LV: lēmums par patvēruma meklētāja pārsūtīšanu
- MT: Ordni ta’ trasferiment
- NL: overdrachtsbevel
- NO: overføringsvedtak
- PL: vertimo nėra
- PT: decisão de transferência
- RO: ordin de transfer
- SE: beslut om överföring
- SK: príkaz na presun / príkaz na transfer
- SL: nalog za transfer
The formal obligation of an applicant for international protection to leave an EU Member State and, within a specified period, go to the designated EU Member State responsible for examining their application for international protection.
- BG: отхвърлен кандидат за международна закрила
- CZ: žadatel o mezinárodní ochranu, jehož žádost byla zamítnuta
- DE: abgelehnter Antragsteller auf internationalen Schutz
- EE: tagasilükatud rahvusvahelise kaitse taotleja
- EN: rejected applicant for international protection
- ES: solicitante al que se le ha denegado la protección internacional
- FI: hylkäävän päätöksen saanut kansainvälisen suojelun hakija
- FR: demandeur de protection internationale débouté
- GA: iarratasóir ar diúltaíodh cosaint idirnáisiúnta dó
- HU: elutasított menedékkérő
- IT: richiedente protezione internazionale respinto
- LV: persona, kurai atteikts piešķirt starptautisko aizsardzību
- LT: asmuo, kuriam nesuteikta tarptautinė apsauga (prieglobstis)
- MT: Applikant(a) għall-protezzjoni internazzjonali respint(a) / miċħud(a)
- NL: afgewezen asielzoeker
- NO: person med avslag på søknad om internasjonal beskyttelse (b) / person med avslag på søknad om internasjonalt vern (n)
- PL: osoba, której wniosek o objęcie ochroną międzynardową został odrzucony
- RO: solicitant al protecţiei internaţionale respins / a cărui cerere a fost respinsă
- SE: person som omfattas av beslut om avslag på ansökan om internationellt skydd
- SK: neúspešný žiadateľ o medzinárodnú ochranu / neúspešný žiadateľ o udelenie medzinárodnej ochrany / žiadateľ o medzinárodnú ochranu, ktorému bola žiadosť zamietnutá / žiadateľ o udelenie medzinárodnej ochrany, ktorému bola žiadosť zamietnutá
- SL: zavrnjeni prosilec za mednarodno zaščito
A person covered by a first instance decision rejecting an application for international protection, including decisions considering applications as inadmissible or as unfounded and decisions under priority and accelerated procedures, taken by administrative or judicial bodies during the reference period.
- BG: реален риск от тежки посегателства
- CZ: reálné riziko vážné újmy
- DE: tatsächliche Gefahr, einen ernsthaften Schaden zu erleiden
- EE: reaalne risk tõsise ohu tekkimiseks
- EN: real risk of suffering serious harm
- ES: riesgo real de sufrir daños graves
- FI: todellinen vaara joutua kärsimään vakavaa haittaa
- FR: risque réel de subir des atteintes graves
- GA: baol iarbhír díobháil thromchúiseach a fhulaingt
- GR: πραγματικός κίνδυνος σοβαρής βλάβης
- HU: súlyos sérelem elszenvedésének tényleges veszélye
- IT: rischio effettivo di subire un grave danno
- LT: realus pavojus patirti didelę žalą
- LV: reāls risks ciest smagu kaitējumu
- MT: Riskju reali / veru li ġġarrab dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: reëel risico op het lijden van ernstige schade
- NO: reell fare for alvorlig skade (b) / reell fare for alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: rzeczywiste ryzyko doznania poważnej krzywdy
- RO: risc real de vătămare fizică gravă
- SE: verklig risk för att lida allvarlig skada
- SK: reálne riziko utrpenia vážneho bezprávia / reálne riziko vážneho bezprávia
- SL: utemeljeno tveganje resne škode
Risk of serious harm experienced by an applicant for international protection which is considered to be both real and likely to occur.
2. The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in a high number of different cases that there is a violation of Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ‘if substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if deported, faces a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Art. 3 ECHR’. In light of the Court’s consequent jurisprudence, this standard means that:
(a) there is no need for the risk to be very high (no certainty or significant probability requirement);
(b) at the same time the risk cannot be a mere possibility (a distant, vague or theoretical alternative).
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